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The patriarchy

Men as a class hold power, and that structure is the main explanation for gendered outcomes.

Why smart people believed it
It names a real historical pattern — for most of history, formal power sat with men — and it gives a simple map of who to organize against. After Marx, politics often became about what group you *are*, not which idea you hold. The patriarchy fits that map: men vs women, power vs the powerless.
What damage it caused
It treats ‘men’ as a coherent ruling class. That creates enemies where there were bad ideas, and it distracts from the actual historical reasons competence was limited by sex — fighting, heavy labor, childbirth risk — which we’ve largely outgrown. Celebrating women leaders is good. Treating half the population as the enemy isn’t.
Best critique
Even if many powerful people are men, ‘the blonds have all the power’ wouldn’t explain anything either. Group identity isn’t a causal theory. The patriarchy is a political rallying cry, not a mechanism.
What to believe/do instead
Argue with specific bad ideas and bad incentives. Speed up meritocracy by celebrating competent women without inventing a shadowy male conspiracy. Leave the patriarchy behind.

Longer notes and sources live in The Patriarchy is a Bad Idea.